{
  "checked_on": "2026-10-23",
  "claims": [
    {
      "lines": [
        "04",
        "05",
        "06",
        "07",
        "48",
        "49",
        "50"
      ],
      "claim": "Assisted performance, unaided performance, delayed retention and transfer are distinct outcomes.",
      "source": "https://bjorklab.psych.ucla.edu/research/",
      "verification": "Official lab research overview retrieved, especially testing, fluency and desirable difficulties. Practical sequence is editorial synthesis."
    },
    {
      "lines": [
        "08",
        "09",
        "10",
        "11",
        "12",
        "13"
      ],
      "claim": "Nearly 1000 Turkish high-school math students; GPT Base practice grades 48% above control, unaided exam grades 17% below control. Teacher-hint safeguards largely mitigated the penalty without a statistically significant positive exam effect.",
      "source": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422633122",
      "author_manuscript": "https://hamsabastani.github.io/education_llm.pdf",
      "verification": "Author PDF and publisher indexed text retrieved. Relative changes, not percentage points. No claim of permanent harm."
    },
    {
      "lines": [
        "14",
        "15",
        "16",
        "17"
      ],
      "claim": "A separate structured college physics tutor improved immediate post-test performance compared with active classroom learning.",
      "source": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97652-6",
      "verification": "Publisher indexed abstract and results retrieved. Direct PDF request redirected to inaccessible cookie authorization. No claim of universal superiority or months-long retention."
    },
    {
      "lines": [
        "28",
        "29"
      ],
      "claim": "Worked examples can help novices; unguided struggle is not a universal recommendation.",
      "source": "https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2023.2273762",
      "verification": "Publisher indexed full text retrieved. Randomized novice Year-7 algebra study; retention and near-transfer favored worked examples. No effect size narrated."
    },
    {
      "lines": [
        "26",
        "27",
        "31",
        "32",
        "36",
        "37",
        "40",
        "42",
        "43",
        "61",
        "63",
        "64"
      ],
      "claim": "A practical demonstration: attempt with appropriate guidance, seek a hint, hide the answer, explain and check, vary the task and return later.",
      "source": "Editorial synthesis based on the cited literature; not an independently validated universal intervention.",
      "verification": "Illustrative equations checked: 2*4+3=11; (15-3)/2=6. Ada is fictional, not a reported study participant."
    },
    {
      "lines": [
        "18",
        "19",
        "20",
        "21",
        "22"
      ],
      "claim": "In prose-passage experiments, repeated study helped more on an immediate test, while retrieval practice favored delayed retention; repeated study also increased confidence. This is not an AI trial.",
      "source": "https://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/psychological-science/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x/",
      "verification": "Publisher abstract retrieved 2026-10-23; no effect size or universal guarantee asserted."
    },
    {
      "lines": [
        "23",
        "24"
      ],
      "claim": "Rohrer and Taylor separately tested spaced mathematics practice and mixed problem types. Each favored later test performance relative to its comparison.",
      "source": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11251-007-9015-8",
      "verification": "Publisher abstract retrieved 2026-10-23. Distinct experiments; no causal effect assigned to a chatbot."
    },
    {
      "lines": [
        "30",
        "33",
        "34",
        "35",
        "39",
        "41",
        "44",
        "45",
        "46",
        "47",
        "51",
        "52",
        "53",
        "54",
        "55",
        "56",
        "58",
        "59",
        "60",
        "62",
        "25",
        "38",
        "57"
      ],
      "claim": "Original instructional demonstrations and editorial applications, not additional experimental findings. Algebra invariants and executable code examples are checked separately.",
      "source": "Original teaching illustrations",
      "verification": "No invented study, effect size or public individual."
    }
  ]
}